For thousands of years, people have known that the best way to understand a concept is to explain it to others. “While we teach, we 1 ， ”said Roman philosopher Seneca. Now scientists are bringing this ancient 2up-to-date. They're 3why teaching is such a fruitful way to learn
Researchers have found that students who teach others work harder to 4the material, and apply it more 5. Student teachers score higher on tests than pupils who're learning only for themselves. But how can children,6learning themselves, teach others? One answer: They can teach younger kids. Some studies have found that first-born children are more 7than their later-born siblings (兄弟姐妹). This8their higher IQs result from the time they spend teaching their siblings.
Now educators are experimenting with ways to9 this model to schoolwork. They engage college undergraduates to teach computer science to high school students, who then 10 instruct middle school students on the 11. But the most cutting-edge tool is the “teachable agent”-a computerized character who learns, tries, makes mistakes and asks questions just like a real-world12. Computer scientists have 13 an animated(动画的)figure called Betty's Brain, who has been “taught” about science by middle school stints. Student teachers are motivated to help Betty 14 certain materials. While preparing to teach, they organize their knowledge and15 their understanding. And as they explain the information to it, they identify problems in their own16.
Feedback from the teachable agent 17improves the teachers' learning. The agents' questions drive student teachers to think and explain the materials in different 18, and watching the agent solve problems allows them emotions one experiences into action.19, it's the emotions one experiences in teaching that help learning. Student teachers feel 20 when their teachable agents fail, but happy when these pupils succeed as they gain pride and satisfaction from someone else's achievement.
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When Iwas.in the third grade, we had a hunt at school. We gathered up chalk，pencils，stones, and so on, rapidly filling our checklists. It was a very close race. I was out of breath when I reached the clover (三叶草)patch in search of the last, most hard-to-find item: a four-leaf clover.
I was pretty sure that I was going to win. 1 have always been able to find four-leaf clovers. I just see them.
I spent my childhood collecting and pressing four-leaf clovers into books at my mother's house. I started with big cloth- and leather-bound books. When I ran out of romantically bound volumes, I began to put my treasures into anything I could find: fiction paperbacks, cookbooks. The same is true in my house today. Shake a book, and a papery treasure just might fall into your hand.
A few years ago, in Nova Scotia, my husband and I pulled off the road for a picnic. The ground was thick with clover. Some shoots had four, five, even six leaves. I lined them up on the picnic table to admire as my husband, never yet having found one four-leaf clover, looked on with awe. To me, it was simple. The differences in their shapes popped out, breaking the pretty pattern of the conventional clovers with their three perfect leaves.
Two summers back, while waiting for an airport shuttle in Munich, I found a tiny four-leaf clover in a traffic circle and put it into my passport. On the way home, my husband and I were upgraded to business class. Friends attributed our good luck to the clover. I think, it's more likely that we were upgraded because a kind customer service officer took pity on us.
People disagree about whether the luck lies in the finding or in the possession of a clover. Some believe that the luck is lost if the four-leaf clover is even shown to somebody else, while others think the luck doubles if it is given away. I believe that positivity is increased by sharing. I feel lucky to find the clovers so often, but I don't think they influence my life any more than it does to share anything a little special—that momentary closeness between you and a friend or a stranger, as you all lean in to wonder at a rare find.
“Helicopter parent” may not sound pleasant, but given the chance, most parents would probably prefer a vehicle to zoom (快速移动)little ones between school, football practice and piano lessons. Getting children where they need to go is a huge task and expense, especially in homes where both parents work. Hailing rides (专车服务)through firms like Uber and Lyft has made life more convenient for adults. But drivers are not supposed to pick up kids who travels without an adult aside (although some are known to bend the rules).
Children represent a fresh-faced opportunity. Ride-hailing for kids could be a market worth at least $50bn in America, hopes Ritu Narayan, the founder of Zum, one of the startups in want of the prize. These services are similar to Uber's, except they allow parents to schedule rides for their children in advance. Children are given a code word to ensure they find the right driver, and parent sreceive warnings about the pick-up and ride, including the car's speed. These services promise more careful background checks finger printing and training than typical ride-hailing companies.
Annette Yolas, who works in sales at AT&T, says that she spends around $200 a month on Hop Skip Drive, a service that operates in several markets in California, for her three kids to get to the school bus on time and to ballet practice. She says it has been a “life-saver” by allowing her to work longer hours. Meanwhile, kids avoid the embarrassment of a relative pulling up at school. But ride-hailing firms for kids may end up like the children in Neverland, and never fully grown. They face several challenges. One is finding enough drivers. All users need rides during the same limited set of hours: before and after school, which makes it hard to offer drivers enough work. It can also be challenging to persuade parents, who have drilled it into children never to get in a stranger's car.
And while ride-sharing companies can annoy adult passengers by cancelling or being late, such behavior can be a disaster when children are involved. Shuddle, an early entrant in the taxis-for-kids business, which shut down in 2016, had only two out of five stars on Yelp (点网站)for that reason， and lots of negative reviews from parents. It had made money on rides mainly by raising prices ever higher.
Shuddle's failure has not discouraged Uber itself, which is expected soon to launch a pilot programme for teenagers under 18. Parents may be happier to use services they are familiar with. But Uber's entrance is likely to add to the struggle of child-focused ride-hailing businesses as they compete for customers and new funds.
Mew Zealand's chief conservation (环保)officer，Lou Sanson, caused an argument in October suggesting that it should be time to start charging tourists for entering national parks. New Zealanders are keen fans of these parks. Many would be annoyed at having to pay. But many also worry about the incoming foreign tourists who have been seeking the same fun.
In 2016 New Zealand hosted 3.5m tourists from overseas; by 2022 more than 4.5m are expected every year—about the same as the country's population. Tourism has become the biggest export. The national parks, which make up about one-third of the country, are a huge draw. About half of the foreign tourists visit one. They are keen to experience the natural beauty promised by the country's “100% Pure New Zealand” advertising campaign (and shown off in the film adaptations of “The Lord of the Rings” and “The Hobbit”，which were shot in New Zealand's breath-taking wilderness).
But for every happy foreign couple posing for a selfie next to a tuatara (楔齿蜥)there is a NewZealander who remembers the way things used to be-when you could walk the tracks without running into crowds at every clearing. Many locals now wonder why their taxes, as they see it, are paying for someone else's holiday. Mr. Sanson would seem to agree. Entry fees could be used to upgrade facilities such as car parks and trails. A charge could also help reduce numbers at some of the popular locations by making it cheaper to use lesser-known, but no less beautiful, trails far away from home.
Some are not so sure it would work. Hugh Logan, a former chief of conservation for the government who now runs a mountain climbing club, worries it would cost too much to employ staff to take money from hikers at entrances. It would also be difficult to prevent tourists from entering the parks without paying.
Some argue that it would be easier to charge visitors a “conservation tax” when they enter the The Green Party the third-largest in parliament says that adding around NZ$18($12.50)is still acceptable to foreign tourists. But some travel companies don't quite agree with the idea. They note that tourists already contribute around NZ $l.l bn through the country's 15% sales fetter, such firms say, to use foreign tourists' contribution to this tax for the protection of the parks.
Among the fiercest critics of a charge are those who point out that free access to wilderness areas is an important principle for New Zealanders, It is documented in a National Parks Act (法案) which inspires almost constitution-like devotion among the country's nature-lovers. Mr. Sans on has a rocky path ahead.
Every week for the past thirty years, I have hosted a Sunday dinner in my home. People, including total strangers, call or e-mail to book a spot. I hold the salon in my studio. The first fifty people who call may come-twice that many when the weather is nice and we can overflow into the garden.
Last week it was a philosophy student from Lisbon, and next week a dear friend from London will cook.
People from all corners of the world come to break bread together，to meet to talk， and often to become friends. All ages, nationalities, races, and professions gather here, and since there is no organized seating, the opportunity for connecting couldn't be better. I love the randomness (随意).
I have a good memory so each week I make a point to remember everyone's name on the guest list and where they're from so I can introduce them to one another. If I had my way, I would introduce everyone in the whole world to one another.
Many travelers go to see things like the Tower of London, the Statue of Liberty, the Eiffel Tower, and so on. I travel to see friends， even-or especially-those I've never met.
In the late 1980s, I edited a series of guidebooks to different countries.Instead, each book contained about a thousand biographies of people who would be willing to welcome travelers in their cities. Hundreds of friendships evolved from these encounters, including including marriages and babies.
The same can be said for my salon. At a recent dinner a six-year-old girl from Bosnia spent the entire evening glued to an eight-year-old boy from Estonia. Their parents were surprised, and pleased, by this immediate friendship.
Most of them speak English, at least as a second language. Recently a dinner featured a typical mix: a beautiful painter from Norway, a truck driver from Arizona, a newspaper editor from Sydney and students from all over.
It is unnecessary to understand others; one must, at the very least, simply tolerate others.
No one can ever really understand anyone else, but you can love them or at least accept them.
I am a world citizen. All human history is mine. My roots cover the earth. We should know each other. Okay, now come and dine.
A. I believe in introducing people to people.
B. People are the most important thing in my life.
C. There were no sights to see, no shops or museums to visit.
D. Tolerance can lead to respect and, finally, to love.
E. After all, our lives are all connected.
F. Every Sunday a different friend prepares a feast.
G. There is always a collection of people throughout the world.
Teenagers have long been told that being active and (take) part in sports is good for their health. But new research suggests that too much sport for teenagers could negatively affect their well-being just as much as too sport.
The US Department of Health and Human Services suggests that young people (age) between 6 and 17 workat least 60 minutes a day, 7 hours a week. But researchers from Switzerland say their study suggests that 14 hours of physical activity a week is best for promoting good health in teenagers. However, more than 14 hours (appear) to be harmful to their health. To reach their findings, they had 1,245 teenagers (survey) in their research.
All participants (参与者) were required to answer questions about height and weight, sports practice, sports (injure) and well-being. Their well-being was measured using the Word Health Organization (WHO) Well-being Index, provides scores between 0 and 25. Of the participants, 50.4% were male. Almost 9% of these males were overweight. The overall well-being score for all participants was 17.
The researchers divided sports participants into low, average, , and very high. The researchers found that participation in the low and very high activity groups were more likely (have) well-being scores below 13, compared with participants in the average group. The researchers found that the highest well-being scores were a by participants who carried out around 14 hours of physical activity a week, but beyond 14 hours resulted lower well-being scores.
The researchers suggest that doctors care for teenagers should check their level of sports practice. Teenagers (probable) need a supportive and closer follow-up of their health and well-being.
