Secret codes (密码) keep messages private. Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer.
People have used secret codes for thousands of years. Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.
There are three main types of cryptography. For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”
You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Let's number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 5 20 13 5.”
A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.
A. It is very hard to break a code without the code book.
B. In any language, some letters are used more than others.
C. Only people who know the keyword can read the message.
D. As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.
E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.
F. With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.
G. Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.
How to be more resilient (适应力强的)?
We've all heard of IQ, and terms like EQ, which relates to our emotional intelligence, are commonly used. But have you heard of AQ? It measures our ability to resist the shock when life throws us curveballs — how likely we are to crumble(崩溃) or thrive in these situations. .
Adverse situations can take us by surprise. In the workplace, it could be in the form of a layoff, the company we work for going under or being restructured, or even missing out on a promotion. Failed friendships and relationships, hard financial times and even loss of beloved ones are things that can occur outside of work. So how can we learn to be more resilient?
Luckily, there are some steps you can take to help you be more resilient and adaptable in the face of adversity, according to Dr Shahram Heshmat, professor of health economics.
Resilient people often have an aim and are able to concentrate more on a desired outcome, seeing negative situations as a bump in the road on the way to achieving their goal. Learning to relax and regulate your emotions is another key step — one way to help is to practise breathing exercises. Likewise, dwelling on things and letting them get to you can cause you to be stressed. So see difficulties more as an opportunity to learn and grow emotionally. Being able to talk with someone about the challenges we face can help.
A. First, try and find a meaningful goal.
B. Things that happen in life are not always pleasant.
C. Finally, make sure you have a good social support network.
D. However, taking a few steps to be more resilient can make them a little easier to get through.
E. AQ stands for Adversity Quotient and measures our ability to deal with the ups and downs of life.
F. Being able to handle these rough times is important not only in our personal lives but in our professional lives too.
G. It can be used to predict our attitudes, perseverance, longevity, and the ways we learn from changes in the environment.
Stress relievers: Tips to tame stress
Is stress making you frustrated? Stress relievers can help restore calm to your chaotic life. Get active. Physical activity can pump up your feel- good endorphins（内啡肽）and other natural neural chemicals that enhance your sense of well-being. Exercise can also refocus your mind on your body's movements, which can improve your mood and help the day's annoyance fade away. Consider walking, housecleaning, swimming or anything else that gets you active.
A good sense of humor can't cure all sicknesses, but it can help you feel better. When you laugh, it not only lightens your mental load but also causes positive physical changes in your body. Laughter fires up and then cools down your stress response. So read some jokes, watch a comedy or hang out with your funny friends.
Get enough sleep. Stress can cause you to have trouble falling asleep.And the quality and amount of sleep you get can affect your mood, energy level, concentration and overall functioning. If you have sleep troubles, make sure that you have a quiet, relaxing bedtime routine, listen to soothing music, put clocks away, and stick to a consistent schedule.
Keep a journal. Writing down your thoughts and feelings can be a good release for otherwise pent-up emotions. Write whatever comes to mind. No one else needs to read it, so don't strive for perfection in grammar or spelling. Once you're done, you can toss out what you wrote or save it to reflect on later.
A. Laugh more.
B. Develop a sense of success.
C. Exercise can be a good stress reliever.
D. Just let your thoughts flow on paper or computer screen.
E. But sleep is the time when your brain and body recharge.
F. When you're stressed and irritable, your instinct may be to isolate yourself.
G. If your stress is getting out of control and you need quick relief, try one of these tips.
Resilience means "doing well in the face of risk or adversity(逆境)". Being resilient isn't about avoiding misfortune, but rather how we respond to it. Even if you consider yourself resilient, you may need some guidance in especially hard times. .
Develop relationships. Connecting with empathetic(用同理心的) and understanding people can remind you that you're not alone in the midst of difficulties. . When adversity strikes, a supportive friend with good listening skills can make a big difference. And if you want your friends and family to support your resilience, remember to support theirs too.
. It's hard to be positive when life isn't going your way. An optimistic view empowers you to expect that good things will happen to you. Try imagining what you want, rather than worrying about what you fear. Along the way, note any subtle ways in which you start to feel better as you deal with difficult situations.
Move toward your goals. . Even if it seems like a small accomplishment, it enables you to move toward the things you want to accomplish. Instead of focusing on tasks that seem unachievable, ask yourself, "What's one thing I know I can accomplish today that helps me move in the direction I want to go?"
Don't try to ban misfortune completely. . But our reactions to big problems may be informed partly by the many smaller setbacks we face in daily life. Everyday stress probably helps us learn how to handle bigger challenges and gradually improve our adaptive systems.
A. Find a sense of purpose.
B. Maintain a hopeful outlook.
C. Develop some realistic goals and do something regularly.
D. How you think can play a significant part in how you feel.
E. To build resilience, the experts suggest the following.
F. Set up and maintain a support network before you need it.
G. Resilience usually refers to how we handle serious adversity.
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