广东省四校2022届高三上学期开学联考英语试题

4 Popular Places to Go This Winter

Harbin, China

China Harbin's winter is for the brave ones—the average temperature is 1.8°F— but those who brave the cold will be rewarded with experiencing one of the world's largest winter festivals. 2021 marks the 37th Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival (January-March), when massive frozen structures rise and are lit up, transforming the city into a winter wonderland.

Lyon, France

Paris may be called The City of Light, but every December, light takes center stage in Lyon, France's third-largest city. That's when the annual Festival of Lights (around December 8) takes over, with light installations (装置) that transform the city's streetscapes into modern works of art. The city is also home to two Christmas markets (one in La Croix-Rousse; the other at the Place Carnot; through December 25).

Lima, Peru

Peru's capital Lima is home to the world's highest number of cooking schools per person. Aside from its delicate dining, the city also has great cocktail bars where you can taste classic or contemporary takes on the Pisco Sour. Combine that with the oceanfront setting and temperatures in the 80s, and you'll understand why Lima should no longer be ignored this winter.

Vermont, US

Winter in Vermont means skiing and snowboarding. Many resorts (度假胜地) have greatly upgraded their snowmaking abilities as part of a $15 million statewide program that replaced many outdated snow guns with new, low-energy models. These new machines will also improve the quality of snow surfaces and lengthen the season, meaning this will be one of the best winters for skiing and riding in Vermont in recent memory.

I've worked in the factories surrounding my hometown every summer since I graduated from high school, but making the transition (转变) between school and full time blue-collar work during the break never gets any easier. For a student like me who considers any class before noon to be uncivilized, getting to a factory by 6 o'clock each morning is torture. My friends never seem to understand why I'm so relieved to be back at school or that my summer vacation has been anything but a vacation.

There're few people as self-confident as a college student who has never been out in the real world. People my age always seem to overestimate the value of their time and knowledge. In fact, all the classes did not prepare me for my battles with the machine I ran in the plant, which would jam whenever I absent-mindedly put in a part backward or upside down.

The most stressful thing about blue-collar life is knowing your job could disappear overnight. Issues like downsizing (裁员) and overseas relocation had always seemed distant to me until my co-workers told me that the unit I was working in would shut down within six months and move to Mexico, where people would work for 60 cents an hour.

After working 12-hour shifts in a factory, the other options have become only too clear. When I'm back at the university, skipping classes and turning in lazy re-writes seems too irresponsible after seeing what I would be doing without school. All the advice and public-service announcements about the value of an education that used to sound stale now ring true.

These lessons I'm learning, however valuable, are always tinged (带有) with sense of guilt. Many people pass their lives in the places where I briefly work, spending 30 years where I spend only two months at a time. “This job pays well, but it's hell on the body,” said one co-worker. “Study hard and keep reading,” she added.

My experiences in the factories have inspired me to make the most of my college years before I enter the real world for good.

President Coolidge's statement, “The business of America is business,” still points to an important truth today—that business institutions have more prestige(威望) in American society than any other kind of organization, including the government.

Why do business institutions possess this great prestige?

One reason is that Americans view business as being more firmly based on the ideal of competition than other institutions in society. Since competition is seen as the major source of progress and prosperity by most Americans, competitive business institutions are respected. Competition is not only good in itself, it is the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work are protected.

Competition protects the freedom of the individual by ensuring that there is no monopoly( 垄 断 ) of power. In contrast to one all-powerful government, many businesses compete against each other for profits. Theoretically, if one business tries to take unfair advantage of its customers, it will lose to competing business which treats its customers more fairly. Where many businesses compete for the customers' dollars, they cannot afford to treat them like inferiors or slaves.

A contrast is often made between business, which is competitive, and government, which is a monopoly. Because business is competitive, many Americans believe that it is more supportive of freedom than government, even though government leaders are elected by the people and business leaders are not. Many Americans believe, then, that competition is as important, or even more important, than democracy(民主) in preserving freedom.

Competition in business is also believed to strengthen the ideal of equality of opportunity. Competition is seen as an open and fair race where success goes to the swiftest person regardless of his or her social class background. Competitive success is commonly seen as the American alternative to social rank based on family background. Business is therefore viewed as an expression of the idea of equality of opportunity rather than the aristocratic(贵族的) idea of inherited privilege.

People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It's not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.

Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions.

They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature/nurture”.

Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.

Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. Behaviorists see humans as being whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. Their view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.

The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the

United States, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence test. This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically inferior to whites. Behaviorists, in contrast, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that white enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do.

Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes.

That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.

In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence is typically related to automation and the loss of jobs, but a recent survey found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating or replacing human activities. Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees.

Better hiring practices

Companies are using AI to remove some unconscious bias(偏见) from hiring decisions. There are experiments that show that the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does. One company called Blendoor uses AI to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.

More effective marketing

Some AI software can analyze and optimize(优化) marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent in terms of email open rates. This can mean millions more in taxation. These are tools that help people use data.

Saving customers money

Energy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills.

Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies, meanwhile, can base their insurance fees on AI models that spot risks more accurately. Or they would charge too little and then it would cost the company money.

Improved accuracy Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics which makes data more valuable. It helps people make smarter decisions.” This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts(合同), is faster and more accurate. Protecting and maintaining infrastructure(基础设施)

A number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use Al image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure before they happen.” If they fail first and then you fix them, it's very expensive,” says Domingos. 

“Life is precious. ... To a person nothing is more precious than their life, and if they entrust me with that life, how could I refuse that 1 , saying I'm cold, hungry, or tired?” These words of Dr Lin Qiaozhi give us a look into the heart of this 2 woman, and what carried her through a life of hard 3 .

As a five-year-old girl, Lin Qiaozhi was deeply 4 by her mother's death.

At age 18,5 following the traditional path of marriage like the majority of girls, she chose to study medicine. “Why should girls learn so much? Finding a good husband should be their final goal!” her brother 6 , thinking of the high tuition fees.

Eight years later, Lin graduated from Peking Union Medical College with the highest prize. She 7 became the first woman ever to be hired as a resident physician in the PUMC Hospital. After working for a few years, she was sent to study in Europe and then, in the US. She greatly 8 her American colleagues, who invited her to stay. Dr Lin, however,9 the offer. She wanted to serve the women and children 10 .

The new People's Republic of China 11 Dr Lin Qiaozhi playing a key role.

She was elected to be the first National People's Congress and held many important12 . Her heart, however, was 13 . She was more interested in tending patients, publishing medical research and training doctors.

Though Lin Qiaozhi never married, she was known as the “mother of ten thousand babies,” having delivered over 50.000 babies in her lifetime. Dr Lin did not retire until the day she 14 , 22 April 1983. Even as she lay dying, her 15 thoughts were for others.

Were you the first or the last child in your family? Or were you a middle or an only child? Some people think  matters where you were born in your family.

But there are different ideas about  birth order means. Some people say that the oldest children, are smart and strong-willed, are very likely  (succeed). The reason  this is simple. Parents have a lot of time for the first child and give him or her a lot of attention. An only child will succeed for  same reason. What happens to the other children in the family? (lose) in the crowd sometimes, middle children don't get so much attention when a family has many children, so they don't feel that important. The youngest child, however, often gets special (treat). Often this child grows up to be funny. But a recent study saw things quite  (difference). The study found that first children believed in family rules. They didn't take many chances in their lives. They usually(follow) orders. Rules didn't mean as much to later children in the family. They took chances and they often did better in life.

1）神舟十二号载人飞船的历史意义（空间站建造阶段的首次载人飞行任务、

三名航天员将完成为期三个月的天和核心舱驻留等）；

2）你的感想。

参考词汇：神舟十二号飞船 Shenzhou XII spacecraft；

空间站建设阶段 space station construction phase；

天和核心舱 Tianhe core module

注意：

1）写作词数应为 80 左右；

2）请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。

Two men, both seriously ill, occupied the same hospital room. One man called

Ben was allowed to sit up in his bed for an hour each afternoon to help drain the fluid from his lungs. His bed was next to the room's only window. The other man, Leo, had to spend all his time flat on his back.

The men talked for hours on end. They spoke of their wives and families, their homes, their jobs, their involvement in the military service, where they had been on vacation.

And every afternoon when Ben sat up, he would pass the time by describing to his roommate all the things he could see outside the window. Leo began to live for those one-hour periods where his world would be broadened and lightened by all the activity and color of the world outside.

The window overlooked a park with a lovely lake. Ducks and swans played on the water while children sailed their model boats. Young lovers walked arm in arm amidst flowers of every color of the rainbow. Grand old trees graced the landscape, and a fine view of the city skyline could be seen in the distance. As Ben described all this in exquisite detail, Leo would close his eyes and imagine the picturesque scene.

One warm afternoon Ben sat up with his elbows and described a parade(巡游) passing by. Although Leo couldn't hear the band – he could see it in his mind's eye as the gentleman by the window portrayed it with descriptive words. Each time the nurse saw the warm and touching scene, she was always struck by devoted friendship between these two men. Days and weeks passed.

注意：

1）续写词数应为 150 左右；

2）请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。