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  • 1. (2023高三下·浙江开学考) 阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。

    The human brain is the most complex and poorly understood biological structure known to man. Our human brain is relatively large for our body size and wrinkled in comparison to other animals' brains. Across species, brain size and wrinkle number is related to intelligence.

    University of Copenhagen researchers have made an incredible discovery seeking to learn more about the  mammalian(哺乳动物的)  brain.  A  vital  enzyme,  a  special  material,  allows  brain  signals  to  be transmitted or transported. The enzyme is randomly turning on and off, even taking hours-long "breaks from work." These discoveries could have a significant impact on our understanding of the brain and the development of medicines. The discovery is featured on the cover of Nature.

    Millions of neurons(神经元) are constantly communicating with one another, shaping thoughts and memories and allowing us to move our bodies at will. Neurotransmitters are transported from one neuron to another by a unique enzyme when two neurons meet to exchange a message.

    This  process  is  necessary  for  neuronal  communication  as  well  as  the  survival  of all  complex organisms(extremely small living things). Until now, researchers all over the world assumed that these enzymes were constantly active, transmitting vital signals. However, this is not the case.

    It is almost impossible to understand that the extremely critical process of loading neurotransmitters in containers is carried out by only one cell per container. Especially when we find that 40% of the time these cells are switched off.

    Using a new method, researchers from the Department of Chemistry at the University of Copenhagen closely examined the enzyme and discovered that its activity switches on and off at random periods of time, contradicting our previous understanding.

    "Contrary to popular belief, and unlike many other proteins, these enzymes could stop working for minutes to hours. Still, the brains of humans and other mammals are miraculously able to function," says Professor Dimitrios Stamou, who led the study from the research center at the University of Copenhagen's Department of Chemistry.

    1. (1) What is implied in the second paragraph?
    2. (2) How could we move our bodies as we like?
    3. (3) Why do the scientists think the discovery unbelievable?
    4. (4) What can be the best title for the passage?
  • 1. (2023高二下·汕头期中) 阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项中,选出最佳选项。

    Vincent van Gogh was born on March 30, 1853, in a small village in southern Holland. As a child, he was serious and sensitive. He loved to draw, and his work showed talent, but no one encouraged him to become an artist. Instead, his father thought he should take a job—something like a carpenter. As a young adult, he wandered from job to job with little success and very little money, becoming more depressed with each failure. In March 1880, however, just before his 27th birthday, something changed inside van Gogh. He realized he was meant to be a painter, and he began to study art in Brussels, receiving money from his brother Theo, which helped him to live.

    In 1886, van Gogh moved to Paris, hoping to learn more about color techniques being used by Impressionist artists there. Instead of grays and browns, his work began to use blue and red, and then yellow and orange. Soon he began to see life differently: Go slow. Stop thinking. Look around. You'll see something beautiful if you open yourself. These were the principles that guide his art. With his innovative (创新的) use of colors, van Gogh wanted to show his viewers how to better appreciate a flower, the night sky, or a person's face.

    Today, people around the world immediately recognize Starry Nights and Sunflowers—both painted in bold, intense(浓重的) colors—as the work of Vincent van Gogh. Probably no other artist, at any time in any culture, has achieved such popularity. His Portrait (肖像画)of Dr. Gachet sold in 1990 reached more than $80 million, breaking the world record for art pieces. Many of his other works have also sold for millions. Of course, people are buying great art when they purchase his paintings. But they are also buying a piece of his story, which like his work, will live on forever.

    1. (1) What can we infer about van Gogh from the first paragraph?
    2. (2) Why did van Gogh go to Paris in 1886?
    3. (3) The Portrait of Dr. Gachet (in the last paragraph) is mentioned to show ____.
    4. (4) What's the author's purpose in writing the text?
  • 1. (2023高二下·揭阳期中) 阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中, 选出最佳选项。

    In a paper published recently in Nature Communications, the authors, including experts from China's Tsinghua University, said that most of the current electricity demand in advanced, industrialized nations can be met by some combination of wind and solar power. "Wind and solar could meet more than 80 percent of demand in many places without crazy amounts of storage or additional generating ability, which is the critical point(临界点), "said co-author Steve Davis, UCI professor of Earth system science, "if we want to have a zero-carbon emission(排放)future without using fossil energy resources".

    The team analyzed 39 years' worth of hourly energy demand data from 42 major countries to evaluate the adequacy of wind and solar power resources to serve their needs. They found that a full shift to sustainable power resources can be easier for lower-latitude(低纬度的)countries, which can rely on solar power availability throughout the year. The researchers highlighted Germany as an example of a relatively smaller country, in terms of land mass, at higher latitude which will make it more challenging to meet its electricity needs with wind and solar resources.

    "Historic data show that countries which are farther from the equator(赤道)can occasionally experience periods during which there is very limited solar and wind power availability, "said lead author Dan Tong, assistant professor of Earth system science at Tsinghua University. "One recent occurrence of this phenomenon in Germany lasted for two weeks, forcing Germans to turn to dispatchable(可调度的)generation, which in many cases is provided by fossil fuel-burning plants. Among the approaches the researchers suggested to alleviate this problem are building up generating capacity, developing long-term storage capabilities and pooling resources of multiple nations on a continental land mass to make the burden lighter to a certain country.

    "Europe provides a good example to help people produce net-zero carbon electricity, "said Tong. "A lot of consistency and reliability could be provided by a system that includes solar resources from Spain, Italy and Greece with plentiful wind available in the Netherlands, Denmark and the Baltic region.

    1. (1) What does Steve Davis imply by saying "critical point"?
    2. (2) What can make a country rely on solar power all the year?
    3. (3) What does the underlined word "alleviate" in Paragraph 3 mean?
    4. (4) What can we learn from Tong's words in the last paragraph?
  • 1. (2023高三下·惠州模拟) 阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的 A、B、C 和 D 四个选项中, 选出最佳选项。

    ChatGPT-a conversational language model which was launched in November and is free and simple to use - can swiftly produce poems, math equations or essays on topics, bringing concern that students will misuse the technology. And because it doesn't copy an existing text, there is no easy way to be certain whether a human or a bot wrote the answer.

    As many educators began to worry about whether students may use ChatGPT to generate papers, Edward Tian had an idea. The 22-year-old student, who studies computer science and journalism, decided to build an app to detect whether a text- was human-written or AI-written.

    Over a few days in a Toronto coffee shop during winter break, he got to work. On Jan. 2, he launched' GPTZero. It analyzes' different properties of a text for its "perplexity", which is the randomness of the text, and the "burstiness", 'which is the variation of the text over time. So, a human-written text would have high perplexity, something very unfamiliar to an Al model, and exhibit properties of burstiness, which are non-common items that appear in random clusters (集 群), rather than being uniformly distributed.

    Tian said he expected a few dozen people to ever try it. But he woke up the next morning stunned by the response. He has even heard from people all over the world— many of them are teachers or college admissions officers, Many people have subscribed for updates from Tian as he works to improve the technology.

    The quick response to Tian's effort highlighted the breakneck pace at which technology is changing classrooms, teaching, and the ways that people define and understand learning. Tian believed everyone deserved to reap the benefits of Al, but safeguards were needed to make sure new technologies were not abused.

    Tian said it would be sad if, years from now, people mostly relied on AI and writing became far more uniform. "There's something implicitly(含蓄地) beautiful in human prose, " he said, "that computers can never copy. "

    1. (1) Why did Edward Tian create GPTZero?
    2. (2) What features do human-written texts share?
    3. (3) What does the public think of Tian's invention?
    4. (4) What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
  • 1. (2023高三下·惠州模拟) 阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的 A、B、C 和 D 四个选项中, 选出最佳选项。

    The number of seabirds killed by colliding(撞击) with wind turbines could be cut by painting black-and-white stripes on the blades(叶片), and poles, say researchers. Graham Martin at the University. of Birmingham, UK, and Alex Banks at Natural England, a public organization that has a say in planning applications for offshore wind farms in England, wanted to design a pattern that could be easily painted onto turbines to reduce their impact on bird life.

    Between 140, 000 and 328, 000 birds are killed each year by onshore wind turbines in the US, according to, one estimate. It is harder to tell how many birds are killed by offshore turbines each year, says Martin, as they fall into the ocean,

    A previous study, published in 2020, looked at the effect of painting a single blade black on four onshore turbines in Norway. Bird collisions were reduced by 70 percent compared with all-white turbines nearby. Martin believes that further improvements could have an even greater impact. Based on analysis of previous studies into bird vision and bird collisions with wind turbines, the two researchers came up with a series of guiding principles to aid their design of a turbine that would harm. fewer birds.

    "Most birds do not see too much fine detail in their vision - especially compared to humans, " says Martin, so any design shouldn't be too complex. Many collisions occur in low light, so the design should be easy to decipher in the dark, while high internal contrast would help the turbine stand out against different backgrounds, such as a cloudy or sunny sky. In low levels of light, black-and-white patterns are best, says Martin. "In the dark, a red-and-white pattern would rapidly look like shades of grey, " he says. The design hasn't yet been tested, but Martin hopes that manufacturers will consider it, particularly as it would be easy and cheap to implement.

    1. (1) What can we know about Martin and Banks?
    2. (2) What's the purpose of the second paragraph?
    3. (3) What does the underlined word "decipher" in Paragraph 4 mean?
    4. (4) What is the text mainly about?
  • 1. (2023·广东模拟) 阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中, 选出最佳选项。

    Look up how to increase your life expectancy(预期寿命), and you will probably see plenty of results recommending that you have a healthy diet, get sufficient sleep, work out and cut out tobacco and too much alcohol consumption. But what many of us don't know is that our relationships also affect our life expectancy. Social integration is associated with greater life satisfaction, better health and increased life expectancy. People with wide social networks are more likely to be happy, experience fewer health issues, enjoy better mental health and to live a lot longer.

    Now this doesn't mean that we should dive head first into a relationship whenever we're lonely in order to avoid dying young. Harmful relationships can be as isolating as being alone, so who we choose to break bread with is absolutely vital to our overall health.

    Have you ever wondered why some people are single and happy, while others are drowning in suffering? Or why some married couples exist in a consistent state of bliss, while others are practically enemies?

    Research shows that marriage has greater benefits for men than it does for women. Being coupled allows men to receive the essential emotional support that they would lack if they were single. They also get the added benefit of being physically taken care of thanks to the gender roles society still subscribes to.

    Women, on the other hand, don't have as much luck when it comes to being coupled. A woman in a harmful relationship is likely to experience the mental, emotional and physical consequences that come with that. On the contrary, a woman in a healthy relationship is likely to live well. Research shows that the women who are happily married tend to be coupled with partners who take on their fair share of household responsibilities.

    But that's not all, age gaps also need to be factored in to determine relationship satisfaction. Couples with wider age gaps are more likely to be harmonious compared to their peers.

    1. (1) What does the writer intend to emphasize in Paragraph 1?
    2. (2) What does the underlined word "bliss" mean in Paragraph 3?
    3. (3) What can we learn from the research?
    4. (4) What would be probably discussed in the next paragraph of this passage?
  • 1. (2023·广东模拟) 阅读下列短文, 从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中, 选出最佳选项。

    An artificial intelligence can decode (解码) words and sentences from brain activity with1 surprising accuracy. Using only a few seconds of brain activity data, the AI guesses what a person has heard. It lists the correct answer in its top 10 possibilities , researchers found in a primary study.

    Developed at the parent company of Facebook, Meta, the AI could eventually be used to help thousands of people around the world who are unable to communicate through speech, typing or gestures.

    Most existing technologies to help such patients communicate require risky brain surgeries to put in electrodes (电极). This new approach "could provide a possible path to help patients with communication problems, avoiding the use of surgeries, " says neuroscientist Jean-Rémi King, a Meta AI researcher.

    King and his colleagues trained a computational tool, also known as a language model, to detect words and sentences on 56, 000 hours of speech recordings from 53 languages. The team applied an AI with this language model to databases from four institutions that included brain activity from 169 volunteers. In these databases, participants listened to various stories and sentences, while the people's brains were scanned by magnetoencephalography (MEG)(脑磁图).

    Then with the help of a computational method that helps account for physical differences among actual brains, the team tried to decode what participants had heard using just three seconds of brain activity data from each person. The team instructed the AI to match up the speech sounds from the story recordings with patterns of brain activity that the AI computed as corresponding to what people were hearing. It then made predictions about what the person might have been hearing during that short time, given more than 1, 000 possibilities. Using MEG, the correct answer was in the AI's top 10 guesses, the researchers found.

    "The new study is decoding of speech recognition, not production, " King agrees, "Though speech production is the final goal, for now, we're quite a long way away. "

    1. (1) What is the main advantage of the new technology?
    2. (2) What does the AI require to make its prediction?
    3. (3) What does Jean-Rémi King think of the new study?
    4. (4) What is the best title for the text?
  • 1. (2023高三下·广州模拟) 阅读理解

    In 1977, Irene Pepperberg, a Harvard graduate, decided to investigate the thought processes of another creature by talking to it. To do this, she would teach a one-year-old African gray parrot (鹦鹉), Alex, to reproduce the sounds of the English language.

    Pepperberg bought Alex in a pet store, where she let the store's assistant choose him because she didn't want other scientists to say that she bad intentionally chosen an especially smart bird. Given that Alex's brain was just the size of a walnut, most researchers thought Pepperberg's communication study would be futile.

    But with Pepperberg's patient teaching, Alex learned how to follow almost 100 English words. He could count to six and had learned the sound for seven and eight. But the point was not to see if Alex could learn words by heart. Pepperberg wanted to get inside his mind and learn more about a bird's understanding of the world.

    In one demonstration, Pepperberg held up a green key and a green cup for him to look at. "What's the same?" she asked. "Co-lor," Alex responded without hesitation. "What's different?" Pepperberg asked. "Shape," Alex quickly replied. His voice had the sound of a cartoon character. But the words — and what can only be called the thoughts — were entirely his. Many of Alex's skills, such as his ability to understand the concepts of "same" and "different", are rare in the animal world. Living in a complex society, parrots like Alex must keep track of changing relationships and environments.

    During the demonstration, as if to offer final proof of the mind inside his bird's brain, Alex spoke up. "Talk clearly!" he commanded, when one of the younger birds Pepperberg was also teaching mispronounced the word "green".

    Alex knew all the answers himself and was getting bored. "He's moody," said Pepperberg, "so he interrupts the others, or he gives the wrong answer just to be difficult." Pepperberg was certainly learning more about the mind of a parrot, but like the parent of a troublesome teenager, she was learning the hard way.

    1. (1) Why did Pepperberg let the shop assistant choose the bird?
    2. (2) What might most researchers think of Pepperberg's study at first?
    3. (3) Which of the following aspects of Alex's ability did Pepperberg's study focus on?
    4. (4) What caused Pepperberg's struggle in her study?
  • 1. (2023高三下·广州模拟) 阅读理解

    Well, well, well. It looks like robots are now coming for our beloved furry friends. According to a new study, animal robots may be just as effective, if not better, at providing therapeutic (治疗的) benefits to children as real pets. As someone who has both interacted with real dogs and robots, I can tell you that this is quite a bold claim.

    Sure, robots may have some benefits over real dogs. They can work for longer hours and won't cause allergies (过敏) or pass on diseases. But can a robot give you that wet-nosed, tail-wagging, slobber-filled experience that a real dog can? I think not.

    Now, I'm not saying that robots don't have their place in therapy. In fact, I can see how an animal robot could be helpful in certain situations where a real dog might not be possible. But let's not go replacing all the good boys and girls with robots just yet.

    As for the study, it's interesting to see that while the kids said they loved real-life dogs better, they actually spent more time interacting with the robot. I can only imagine that it was doing some pretty impressive tricks, some robot dance or robot jokes maybe, to hold the kids' attention for that long.

    In all seriousness, though, I do think it's important to consider the welfare of therapy dogs. Visiting hospitals can be stressful and tiring for them, and we should be exploring all options to make therapy experiences as positive and enjoyable as possible for both the animals and the patients.

    So, while I may not be ready to trade in my furry friends for robots just yes, I am open to the idea of introducing animal robots into therapy programs. Who knows? Maybe one day we'll all have our own personal robot pets that can provide us with just as much love and companionship as the real thing. But until then, I'll stick with my trusty furry friends.

    1. (1) What is the text?
    2. (2) What does the writer mean by saying "this is quite a bold claim" in paragraph 1?
    3. (3) Which of the following is a finding of the new study?
    4. (4) Why is the author open to the idea of using robots in therapy?
  • 1. (2023高二下·深圳月考) 阅读理解

    In the late 1960s, the anthropologist (人类学家) Edmund Carpenter arrived in New Guinea armed with mirrors, videos and Polaroid cameras, and a mission: to disrupt (扰乱) the minds of members of the Biami tribe, who had never seen full reflections or images of themselves. "After their first astonished response—covering their mouths and ducking their heads—they stood frozen, staring at their images." Carpenter's devices disturb that inner image, causing discomfort. But not for long. Within days, the villagers groomed (打扮) themselves openly before mirrors and began taking Polaroid shots of each other.

    It's unclear if the People of Biami were really as unfamiliar with mirrors as Carpenter thought. But in any case, what's striking isn't how strange their reaction seems, but how related. Do you know how it feels when you make a pleasant remark in a lift, but nobody responds? Or when two people greeting each other misjudge whether to go for a handshake, a hug or a social kiss? That's the same awkwardness: "self-consciousness tinged (带有) with uncertainty", as Dahl defines it. Suddenly, I see I'm viewed not as a friendly conversationalist, but as a strange person who talks in the lift.

    As awkwardness feels unpleasant, it's natural to want to overcome it. Dahl's initial motivation for writing her book Cringeworthy: A Theory of Awkwardness, was to get over her own awkwardness. But after a journey through various awkward experiences, she makes a persuasive case for celebrating it. We live in an era with more opportunities than ever to do so. But awkwardness breaks that false appearance, exposing the imperfect life behind it. It creates a strange kind of social bond—how much in common we have when seeing that behind the disguise —we're all just trying our best to seem perfect.

    The awkward you, then, are the real you, the one without the defensive performance. Dahl even indicates that taking a friendlier attitude toward awkwardness might help us make the connections with people holding different ideas.

    1. (1) How did the people of Biami feel when they first saw themselves in the mirror?
    2. (2) Which of the following awkwardness is "self-consciousness tinged with uncertainty"?
    3. (3) What causes you to feel embarrassed from time to time?
    4. (4) What can be inferred to solve our awkwardness?
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