Between 1901 and 2023, the Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 621 times to 1,000 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 965 individuals and 27 organizations. Below, you can view the full list of 2023 Nobel Prizes and Nobel Prize winners.
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2023
Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L'Huillier "for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses (脉冲) of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter"
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023
Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman "for their discoveries concerning DNA that enabled the development of effective vaccines (疫苗) against COVID-19"
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023
Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus and Alexei I. Ekimov "for the discovery and combination of quantum dots (量子点)"
The Nobel Prize in Literature 2023
Jon Fosse "for his innovative works which give voice to the unsayable"
The Nobel Peace Prize 2023
Narges Mohammadi "for her fight against the unfair and cruel treatment of women in Iran and her fight to promote human rights and freedom for all"
The Noble Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2023
Claudia Goldin "for having advanced our understanding of women's labour market outcomes"
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A rising star from Virginia has secured the title of "America's Top Young Scientist" for his groundbreaking creation — a bar of soap designed to battle against skin cancer. At just 14 years old, Heman Bekele emerged as the victor of the 2023 Young Scientist Challenge, standing out among the ten finalists with his innovative creation known as the Skin Cancer Treating Soap (SCTS).
Bekele's brilliant concept centers on the development of a soap that is not only affordable, but also has the potential to reactivate the body's natural defenders of the skin to stop skin cancer. In Bekele's own words, "Curing cancer, one bar of soap at a time. "He always has endless passion for biology and technology, and the Young Scientist Challenge just provided him with the perfect platform to display his ideas. Reflecting on his inspiration, Bekele shared that his childhood played a significant role in shaping his innovative thinking. Having witnessed people work tirelessly under the sun, he couldn't help but wonder how many were aware of the risks associated with constant sun exposure.
"I wanted to make my idea not only scientifically exceptional but also accessible to a broad audience," Bekele expressed during an interview with the media. He received invaluable guidance from Deborah Isabelle, a product engineering specialist, who connected him with other scientists to aid him in reaching his ambitious plans.
During his presentation, Bekele passionately expressed his vision of turning the soap into "a symbol of hope, accessibility, and a world where skin cancer treatment is within reach for all."
Over the coming five years, Bekele longs to perfect his invention and establish a nonprofit organization devoted to distributing his innovative creation to more places including undeveloped communities, offering hope and a practical solution in the fight against skin cancer.
Whenever I order food for delivery, I play a little game to guess how many sets of tableware(餐具)the restaurant will provide with my meal. Sometimes restaurants will throw in two, three or four sets for just one order. But I rarely need any tableware at all, and the waste goes into the trash or collects dust in a kitchen drawer.
Researchers working with Chinese technology group Alibaba tried a simple approach to this problem. Instead of just wastefully doling out tableware, the company required food-delivery customers in some cities in China to pick how many sets of tableware they wanted to receive. The default (默认设置)was set at zero. The result, published today in the journal Science, was a 638% increase in the share of no-tableware orders. If applied across China, researchers found, the approach would save nearly 22 billion sets of plastic tableware. The study doesn't cover carbon emissions, but it's safe to say that the impact would be significant. It struck me as a useful reminder of the many low-hanging fruits across the economy that can cut waste, and emissions.
Nudging its customers cost Alibaba nothing more than a few hours of software engineering time and the impact it brought was immense. The concept of nudging comes from the field of behavioral economics known as nudge theory. It suggests that a slight action can encourage good human behavior without the need for policies that limit choice or economic punishment that raises the cost of bad behavior. To nudge customers to eat better, for example, a restaurant might organize its menu by listing healthy options first and bury unhealthy ones at the bottom. More recently, some big companies like Google have also begun to use nudges to advance climate objectives.
Behavioral economics broadly, and nudges more specifically, aren't without controversy. Some might think it assigns consumers responsibility for addressing environmental challenges. But there is another way to look at it. In the absence of necessary policy—and policy is needed 一companies can help encourage a widespread shift of consumer behavior.
And all of that behavioral change can add up. The International Energy Agency found in 2021 that small behavioral changes in energy consumption such as walking instead of driving and adjusting the thermostat could in total shave off 4% of global emissions. The more that companies can do to facilitate such changes, the better.
Ramirez Castañeda, a Colombian biologist, spends her time in the Amazon studying how snakes eat poisonous frogs without getting ill. Although her findings come in many shapes and sizes, she and her colleagues have struggled to get their biological discoveries out to the wider scientific community. With Spanish as her mother tongue, her research had to be translated into English to be published. That wasn't always possible because of budget or time-and it means that some of her findings were never published.
"It's not that I'm a bad scientist," she says. "It's just because of the language."
Castañeda is not alone. There is plenty of research in non-English-language papers that gets lost in translation, or is never translated. A research looked through more than 400, 000 peer-reviewed papers in 16 different languages and found 1, 234 studies providing evidence on biodiversity conservation which, because they weren't in English, may have been overlooked. These included Japanese-language findings on the effectiveness of relocating the endangered Blakiston's fish owl, the largest owl species.
Some experts argue that for the sake of the bigger picture, scientific knowledge should converge (转换) into one common language. Science is very globalised and becoming more so, so the use of a global language is enormous for that.
Of course, scientists can work with an English partner, or use a translator-but this ultimately strengthens the cycle of dependency on the global north, leading to inequality in international influence. The specific meanings of words can also pose a problem in translation. For example, it is difficult to find in English one single word to describe forest snakes and frogs in the work Castafieda does with indigenous (土著的) communities in the Amazon.
"So we're losing observations for science, too, " says Castañeda. "For me, it's not possible to just have everything translated into English. We need multilingual ( 多语种的) science, and we need people that feel comfortable doing science in their own languages. It could be possible to switch to a world where, say, Chinese, English and Spanish are the three languages of science, just as English, French and German were the languages of science in the 19th century."
Pursue Your Dreams Today, Not Tomorrow
Have you caught yourself daydreaming about your dreams? We often postpone our dreams, trapped in a cycle of delay. But why wait? You don't have to take a huge, life-changing step. You can take minute steps toward a brighter future. And start right now.
If you never try, you're going to be weighed down by your regrets. You're always going to wonder how your life would've turned out if you actually took a chance on yourself. Don't let your future self be disappointed by your present self.
It doesn't matter how old you are or how many people have warned you that you're never going to succeed. Even the most successful people have had their hesitations about whether they had what it took to make it in their field. Embrace a mindset of determination, knowing that success is within your reach.
At the end of the day, you need to carve out a path for yourself that will lead to the most satisfaction. If you allow your fear to get the best of you, you're never going to forgive yourself. . It's what you would encourage your friends to do, so why aren't you giving yourself that same push?
Sometimes, following your passion means spending a lot of your time each day. It may require making slight adjustments to your schedule, but you don't have to sacrifice everything to follow your hearts. Try to strike a balance between your current life and your dreams.
Pursue your dreams now, even though that means you might need to break out of your comfort zone, and even though it means entering the unknown.
A. Ask yourself what would be worse.
B. Starting small is completely acceptable.
C. You owe it to yourself to go after your dreams.
D. New opportunities may lead to personal growth.
E. If things go well, you can gradually make further shifts.
F. You need to move past your insecurities and explore your full potential.
G. Hard as it is, it's crucial to wave off the doubts in the back of your mind.
I had not visited Eton for many years. When one day passing from the Fellows' Library into the Gallery, I caught sight of the1 of my school friend Digby Dolben hanging just without the door among our most2 contemporaries. I was3 arrested and as I stood gazing on it, my4 asked me if I knew who it was. I was thinking that I must be almost the only person who would know him. Far 5 of my boyhood were crowding6 upon me: he was standing again beside me in the eager promise of his youth.
This portrait-gallery of old Etonians is very7 : outstanding distinction of birth or excellent qualities may win you a place there.8 , how came Dolben there? It was 9 he was a poet; and yet his poems were not known. They were carefully 10 by his family and a few friends. Indeed, such of his poems as could have come to the eyes of the authorities who approved of this memorial would not11 it. There was another12 — the portrait bears its own certification. Though you might not perhaps understand the poet in it, you can see the soul immersed in deep thought, the habit of stainless (无瑕的) life, of13 , of enthusiasm for high ideals. Such a being must have14 remarkably among his fellows. When his early death endeared ( 使价值更高) his memory, loving grief would generously15 him the glory which he had never worn.
Doctors in the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine have followed the meal-time habits of more than 500 people for six years, (find) weight change is most affected by the size and (frequent) of meals rather than the interval ( 间 隔 ) from first to last meal. It challenges the popular trend of intermittent fasting ( 禁 食 疗 方 ) a useful weight loss strategy.
Intermittent fasting, also referred to as time-restricted feeding, is a dietary strategy where all meals (consume) during a short window of time each day. These windows can extend from 6 to 10 hours, resulting in a person essentially fasting for up to 18 hours each day.
The idea reveals is no link between the lime of a person's eating window each day and weight changes. "Based on other studies that have come out, including (we), we are starting to think timing of meals most likely doesn't produce instant impact on weight loss," said doctor Bennett. "What does matter, however, is the total number of medium and large meals a person eats over the day." It suggests simply eating smaller meals, less frequently, is ultimately leads to weight loss.
All of this doesn't mean intermittent fasting strategies won't help. But what does seem increasingly clear is that the weight loss benefits occasionally(see) with these eating strategies may be primarily driven by a reduced caloric intake. It doesn't mean you can simply eat all you want in a short window each day and still expect(lose) weight.
Julia always enjoyed running through The Dark Walk towards the light at the end of it. It was a dark, damp tunnel (隧道) made of smooth branches. This year she had the extra joy of showing it to her small brother, Stephen, and of terrifying him as well as herself.
One day they found a hole on one side of the walk. Inside there was water, in which they perceived a panting trout (喘息的鳟鱼). They were both so excited that they were no longer afraid of the darkness as they bent down and peered at the fish panting in his tiny prison, his silver stomach going up and down like an engine; otherwise he was motionless. Julia wondered what he ate and thought of his hunger. She found him a worm. He ignored the food, and just went on panting. Bending over him, she thought how he had been in there. All the winter, in the dark tunnel, all day, all night, floating around alone.
Nobody knew how the fish got there. Her mother suggested that a bird had carried the egg. Her father thought that in the winter a small stream might have carried it down there as a baby, and it had been safe until summer came and the water began to dry up.
Before they went to bed, Stephen asked his mummy the whole story of the trout, not really interested in the actual trout, but in the story which his mum began to make up for him, and Julia, in her bed, presented her back to them and read her book. But she kept one ea r cocked." And so, in the end, this naughty fish got bigger and bigger, and the water got smaller and smaller…"Passionately, she turned around and cried," mummy, don't make it a horrible old mo ral story." Her mo m even brought in a fairy (仙子) , who had made it rain and filled the hole, so that the trout could float away down to the river below. Staring at the moon she knew there was no such thing as a fairy and that the trout, down in the tunnel, was panting for his life.
注意：1. 续写词数应为 150 左右；2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
She sat up in the silent night and Stephan was sound asleep.
Julia poured the trout out of the po t into the river.
